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This book discusses analytical methods for energy sector planning
in developing countries. It addresses such topics as energy
balances, the Reference Energy System, and approaches to the
evaluation of macroeconomic impacts of energy sector decisions.
Using a multidisciplinary approach that draws on their in-depth
experience in the fields of energy, environment, and economics, the
authors develop a comprehensive analytical framework. They apply
their methodology to four detailed studies of Sri Lanka's energy
sector, illustrating how to address key energy and environmental
policy issues found in many developing countries today.
Supplementary case examples are presented which also draw on many
other countries in Asia and Africa. The main energy-related areas
discussed include electric power, new and renewable energy sources,
transport and oil-based fuels, and greenhouse gas emissions. The
methodological tools of energy and environmental economics provide
a rational basis for identifying policy priorities, evaluating
them, and developing more sustainable energy options. The results
of the studies are presented in an integrated manner, and
contribute to the practical resolution of many important public
policy issues. How to deal with risk and uncertainty, and how to
identify robust policy options, are major themes that run
throughout the volume. Energy and environmental economists, and
graduate students interested in an introduction to the analytical
methods used in recent World Bank projects on renewable energy and
sustainable development will find this book of great value, as will
decision makers and policy analysts in developing countries.
Over the past decade almost all developing countries have
established energy planning activities in response to the grave
problems that have arisen as a result of the drastic increase in
energy prices, of the burden of energy related investment debt
service, and of the problems of deforestation. Although the insti
tutional and organizational responses are quite varied, it is
largely engineers and economists who have been called upon to
provide the necessary analytical capability to support policy
decisions in the energy area. However, as evidenced by the recent
participants in the Energy Management Training Program (EMTP), many
of the analytical techniques now regarded as appropriate go beyond
the usual background of those who are now assigned to such tasks.
Indeed, this monograph is based on the material presented in the
first *part of the course, whose purpose is to bring the often
diverse group to some common ground. Some of the material, such as
Chapter 4 on the basics of energy pricing, is intended primarily
for engineers. Other sections, such as Chapter 2 on energy
balances, is primarily a vehicle for a discussion of the problems
of units and differences in approach by different international
bodies. The intent, then, is to provide in a single work a primer
on a large number of different analytical tools.
Energy plays a vital role in economic and social development. The
analysis of energy issues and policy options is therefore a vital
area of study. This book presents a hierarchical modelling scheme
intended to support energy planning and policy analysis in
developing countries. The authors introduce the concept of
'Integrated National energy Planning' (INEP), and examine the
spreadsheet models, optimization models, and linear planning models
which energy planners use. Environmental considerations are also
introduced into the analysis. Techniques are then applied to two
important energy subsectors, electricity and fuelwood, before
problems of integration and policy implementation are discussed.
Throughout the book, the authors examine actual practice in
developing countries. Illustrative case material is drawn from
Egypt, West Africa, Sudan, Pakistan, Colombia, India, Sri Lanka and
Morocco. This book will be of interest to students and
practitioners of energy planning, and to those concerned with the
wider development implications of energy policy.
Energy plays a vital role in economic and social development. The
analysis of energy issues and policy options is therefore a vital
area of study. This book presents a hierarchical modelling scheme
intended to support energy planning and policy analysis in
developing countries. The authors introduce the concept of
'Integrated National energy Planning' (INEP), and examine the
spreadsheet models, optimization models, and linear planning models
which energy planners use. Environmental considerations are also
introduced into the analysis. Techniques are then applied to two
important energy subsectors, electricity and fuelwood, before
problems of integration and policy implementation are discussed.
Throughout the book, the authors examine actual practice in
developing countries. Illustrative case material is drawn from
Egypt, West Africa, Sudan, Pakistan, Colombia, India, Sri Lanka and
Morocco. This book will be of interest to students and
practitioners of energy planning, and to those concerned with the
wider development implications of energy policy.
In social sciences the notion of civil society has gained much
attention. The growing and diversifying of a civil sector is
evident in Western states. As a value in itself, it can be
interpreted as an important prerequisite for modern societies to
optimise the more and more complex task of problem solving. But the
question arises if the definition and outlook of civil society is
challenged as vision as well as reality in non Western-states
confronted with different problems and possessing different
structural and cultural-historical roots. Therefore the central
issue of the book is the development, the importance and the
functioning of the civil sector in the post-socialist countries of
Eastern Europe. The second directly connected issue is the question
about the character of the post-socialist transformations and the
diversity of development paths. The last issue is the question
about the role of regions, the struggle between decentralising and
centralising forces, and the problem of the social identity in new
states. This book aims to illustrate the diversity of developments
looking at special cases and by comparative analysis.
The novelty of this work is the fact that it introduces a rigorous
and objective economic perspective of current renewable energy
support mechanisms and an empirical analysis of the strengths and
weaknesses of these mechanisms, which is much needed in a debate
often dominated by widespread misconceptions. The economic
rationale for renewable energy is straightforward: the optimum
amount of renewable energy for grid-connected generation is given
by the intersection of the renewable energy supply curve with the
avoided cost of thermal electricity generation. The proposed
analytical framework: (i) differentiates and illustrates trade-offs
among local, regional, and national impacts, in the short and long
run; (ii) captures distributional impacts; and (iii) captures
externalities and compares alternative projects based on equivalent
output and cost. Accordingly, the study advocates for the need to
get the economic, financial, and institutional basics right for the
deployment of renewable energy. The study s integration of
renewable energy subsidies with fossil subsidies is another novel
and important contribution. This allows important comparisons. For
example, to reduce carbon intensity in developing country
economies, is it more efficient to deploy renewable energy or
implement alternative options, such as eliminating subsidies on
fossil fuels? The work is based on case studies of Vietnam,
Indonesia, Sri Lanka, South Africa, Tanzania, Egypt, Brazil, and
Turkey, selected to provide a representative sample of countries
with different energy endowments (coal, natural gas, and
hydro-based systems) and policy incentives (from feed-in tariffs to
auctions). Along the way, the incremental cost of renewable energy
is compared with the average cost of generation. The selection and
design of support mechanisms in turn determines the impacts on the
budget and residential consumers. The main lessons emerging from
the case studies are that successful renewable energy policies:
Will only be effective once the state-owned utilities who are the
buyers of grid-connected renewable energy are themselves in good
financial health Need to be grounded in economic analysis and
accompanied by the application of market principles to ensure
economic efficiency Require a sustainable, equitable, and
transparent recovery of incremental costs"
Themulticomponentnatureofbiologicalmembranesandtheirintra-
andextracel- lar interactions make direct investigations on the
membrane structure and processes nearly impossible. Clearly, a
better understanding of the membrane properties and the mechanisms
determining membrane protein functions is crucial to the imp-
mentation of biosensors, bioreactors and novel platforms for
medical therapy. For this reason, the interest in model systems
suitable for the construction and study of complex lipid/protein
membrane architectures has increased steadily over the years. The
classical portfolio of model membranes used for biophysical and -
terfacial studies of lipid (bi)layers and lipid/protein composites
includes Langmuir monolayers assembled at the water/air interface,
(uni- and multi-lamellar) vesicles in bulk (liposomal) dispersion,
bimolecular lipid membranes (BLMs), and various types of
solid-supported membranes. All these have speci?c advantages but
also suffer from serious drawbacksthat limit their technical
applications. Polymer m- branes comprised of entirely synthetic or
hybrid (synthetic polymer/biopolymer) block copolymersappeared to
be an attractive alternative to the lipid-based models. Generally,
the synthetic block copolymer membranes are thicker and more stable
and the versatility of polymer chemistry allows the adoption of
relevant properties for a wide range of applications. This volume
provides a vast overview of the physico-chemical and synthetic -
pectsofarti?cial membranes.
Numerousmembranemodelsaredescribed,including their properties(i. e.
swelling, drying,lateral mobility,stability, electrical conduct-
ity, etc. ), advantages, and drawbacks. The potential applications
of these models are discussed and supported by real examples.
Chapter 1 summarizesmethodsfor the stabilizationof arti?cial lipid
membranes.
Planning, operating, and policy making in the electric utility and
natural gas sectors involves important trade-offs among economic,
social, and environmental criteria. These trade-offs figure
prominently in ongoing debates about how to meet growing energy
demands and how to restructure the world's power industry. Energy
Decisions and the Environment: A Guide to the Use of Multicriteria
Methods reviews practical tools for multicriteria (also called
multiobjective) decision analysis that can be used to quantify
trade-offs and contribute to more consistent, informed, and
transparent decision making. These methods are designed to generate
and effectively communicate information about trade-offs; to help
people form, articulate, and apply value judgments in decision
making; and to promote effective negotiation among stakeholders
with competing interests. Energy Decisions and the Environment: A
Guide to the Use of Multicriteria Methods includes explanations of
a wide range of methods, tutorial applications that readers can
duplicate, a detailed review of energy-environment applications,
and three in-depth case studies.
Themulticomponentnatureofbiologicalmembranesandtheirintra-
andextracel- lar interactions make direct investigations on the
membrane structure and processes nearly impossible. Clearly, a
better understanding of the membrane properties and the mechanisms
determining membrane protein functions is crucial to the imp-
mentation of biosensors, bioreactors and novel platforms for
medical therapy. For this reason, the interest in model systems
suitable for the construction and study of complex lipid/protein
membrane architectures has increased steadily over the years. The
classical portfolio of model membranes used for biophysical and -
terfacial studies of lipid (bi)layers and lipid/protein composites
includes Langmuir monolayers assembled at the water/air interface,
(uni- and multi-lamellar) vesicles in bulk (liposomal) dispersion,
bimolecular lipid membranes (BLMs), and various types of
solid-supported membranes. All these have speci?c advantages but
also suffer from serious drawbacksthat limit their technical
applications. Polymer m- branes comprised of entirely synthetic or
hybrid (synthetic polymer/biopolymer) block copolymersappeared to
be an attractive alternative to the lipid-based models. Generally,
the synthetic block copolymer membranes are thicker and more stable
and the versatility of polymer chemistry allows the adoption of
relevant properties for a wide range of applications. This volume
provides a vast overview of the physico-chemical and synthetic -
pectsofarti?cial membranes.
Numerousmembranemodelsaredescribed,including their properties(i. e.
swelling, drying,lateral mobility,stability, electrical conduct-
ity, etc. ), advantages, and drawbacks. The potential applications
of these models are discussed and supported by real examples.
Chapter 1 summarizesmethodsfor the stabilizationof arti?cial lipid
membranes.
Planning, operating, and policy making in the electric utility and
natural gas sectors involves important trade-offs among economic,
social, and environmental criteria. These trade-offs figure
prominently in ongoing debates about how to meet growing energy
demands and how to restructure the world's power industry. Energy
Decisions and the Environment: A Guide to the Use of Multicriteria
Methods reviews practical tools for multicriteria (also called
multiobjective) decision analysis that can be used to quantify
trade-offs and contribute to more consistent, informed, and
transparent decision making. These methods are designed to generate
and effectively communicate information about trade-offs; to help
people form, articulate, and apply value judgments in decision
making; and to promote effective negotiation among stakeholders
with competing interests. Energy Decisions and the Environment: A
Guide to the Use of Multicriteria Methods includes explanations of
a wide range of methods, tutorial applications that readers can
duplicate, a detailed review of energy-environment applications,
and three in-depth case studies.
Das Best of PMB der jungsten Dekade ist naturlich - mit 131
ausgesiebten Artikeln uber Politik, Wirtschaft, Kultur, Kirche,
Geschichte, Reisen und Seitenblicke nach Deutschland" - ein
Capriccio, eine Melange, manchmal ein grosses Feuerwerk, manchmal
eine Tiefensonde, jedenfalls immer ein bunter Raritatenkasten
(Goethe). Wer vielen vieles bringt, wird manchem etwas bringen.
Politisch war in diesen zehn Jahren der Tod des Jorg Haider ein
Wendepunkt im populistischen Sektor, den es in Osterreich gibt, in
Deutschland nicht. Osterreich pflegt die political correctness
nicht. Ein Osterreich verrecke ist auf Demonstrationsschildern
undenkbar. Es gibt niemals - wie in Berlin jeden 1. Mai - hunderte
von Demonstranten verletzte Polizisten. Wirtschaftlich
(Arbeitslosenquote etc.) steht Austria besser da als Deutschland.
Das Institut der deutschen Wirtschaft bezeichnete neulich
Osterreich als das gerechteste Land Mitteleuropas. Vielleicht sind
am spannendsten die Portrats in diesem Band: uber Dietrich
Mateschitz (Red Bull), Frank Stronach, Alfred Hrdlicka, das uber
Piefke, der wirklich gelebt hat, uber Kardinal Schonborn, Andreas
Hofer oder die Komponisten Chopin und Mahler. Und Kakanien" lebt
noch einmal auf bei den Begrabnissen der Kaiserin Zita und ihres
Sohnes Otto von Habsburg. Insgesamt: ein farbiges Kaleidoskop - mit
Licht und Schatten
In diesem Buch erfahren Sie, warum Geldanlagen in Holz eine ideale
Depotbeimischung darstellen. Das Wachstum der Baume stellt eine
wichtige Renditekomponente dar. Da es sich unabhangig vom
Finanzmarktgeschehen entwickelt, bildet es auch eine gute
Absicherung gegen Inflationsrisiken."
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